Additionally, incorporating a catalyst in a chimneyless stove can be difficult. However, common noble metal oxidation catalysts, such as platinum and palladium, are prohibitively expensive for cookstoves intended for users living in or near poverty. In fact, several companies currently sell wood fired furnaces with noble metal catalysts located in the chimney for the U.S. A chemical, rather than a mechanical change, is required, such as the introduction of an oxidation catalyst. Analogous to the introduction of automobile emissions controls in the 1970s, rocket stoves have progressed to the point where further mechanical design changes are expected to have minimal effect on emissions. Rocket stoves-small stoves with an insulated L-shaped combustion chamber-have undergone years of design and development focused on lowering CO and PM emissions. This suggests that a passive rocket-style stove could compete with forced-air stoves if its PM emissions could be further reduced. Although forced-air stoves provide the best performance, they require electric power to operate. Similarly, they found that forced-air stoves produce the least amount of PM emissions, followed by gasifier stoves and then rocket stoves. found that forced-air stoves produce the least amount of CO emissions, followed by rocket stoves and then gasifier stoves. Improved cookstoves typically fall into three categories: gasifier stoves, rocket stoves, and forced-air stoves. , after demonstrating similar results, noted that most households still have twice the recommended level of PM 10 despite introducing an improved cookstove. has shown that implementing improved cookstoves lowers CO emissions by up to 70% and PM 2.5 emissions (PM with a diameter less than 2.5 micrometers) by 48%. Similar research conducted in India by Changappa et al. saw an 85% reduction in PM 3.5 by replacing an open fire with a plancha stove. found a strong correlation between CO and PM 2.5 concentrations in an average kitchen. found that adding an internal baffle to plancha stoves significantly improved thermal efficiency, and McCracken et al.
Much of the early work demonstrated that small changes to the design can significantly reduce emissions. compared indoor air pollution levels collected across 250 communities and 71 studies published between 19. The use of improved cookstoves to reduce emissions and the effect on indoor air quality has been studied extensively since 1968. Homes that use traditional cookstoves and open fires often exceed emissions (carbon monoxide and PM) limits established by the World Health Organization (WHO) by a factor of 10–20. In Guatemala, where field trials for our catalytic cookstove were recently completed, respiratory diseases are the leading cause of death. Indoor air pollutants disproportionally affect women and children, and directly lead to an increase in chronic bronchitis, respiratory infections, and pneumonia. Biomass cookstoves often lead to high concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and other pollutants, which are estimated to be responsible for 1.6 million deaths annually, accounting for about three percent of the global disease burden. Potassium titanate was also shown to oxidize carbon monoxide at temperatures as low as 500 ☌, or as low as 300 ☌ when doped with copper or cobalt.Įmissions produced by biomass cookstoves adversely affect indoor/local air quality, individual health, and global climate change. Additionally, the catalytic stove reduced particulate matter emissions by 82%, reduced carbon monoxide emissions by 70%, and improved efficiency by 100% compared to a carefully tended, three-stone fire. Using a cordierite monolith to incorporate potassium titanate within a bespoke, rocket-style, improved cookstove led to a 36% reduction in particulate matter emissions relative to a baseline stove with a blank monolith and a 26% reduction relative to a stove with no monolith. Potassium titanate was identified as an effective and stable oxidation catalyst capable of oxidizing particulate matter and carbon monoxide. In this work, an inexpensive potassium-based catalyst was incorporated in a chimneyless biomass cookstove to reduce harmful emissions through catalytic oxidation. These traditional cooking methods produce particulate matter and carbon monoxide known to cause significant respiratory health problems, especially among women and children, who often have the highest exposure. Approximately three billion people cook with solid fuels, mostly wood, on open fires or rudimentary stoves.
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